The 1996 commemoration in Kyiv of the 70th anniversary of Symon Petliura´s death marked a dramatic break with the Soviet characterization of him as a dangerous bourgeois nationalist, antisemite, and anti-popular dictator. Petliura, as the head of the shortlived Ukrainian National Republic, had fought the Bolsheviks in Ukraine. Then, as head of the Ukrainian government in exile, he continued to be perceived as a major threat to the Soviet regime until his assassination in Paris in 1926. The French trial (and acquittal) of his assassin raised the question of Petliura´s complicity in the 1919 pogroms in Ukraine-and polarized Western attitudes toward him. In Soviet Ukraine, Petliura officially remained anathema, and "Petliurite" became synonymous with "enemy of the people." Against this backdrop, the 1996 commemoration was remarkable: Petliura had finally been rehabilitated, and his aspirations for an independent Ukraine, for which he had sacrificed his life, were now recognized in his homeland. To perpetuate Petliura´s memory, a documentary collection of Petliura´s political and family letters was issued in Kyiv, in collaboration with the Petliura Ukrainian Library in Paris.
In the preface to the publication1, Vasyl´ Mykhal´chuk, a former director of the Petliura Ukrainian Library in Paris, relates the sad wartime fate of the archival materials deposited before World War II in that library: "Together with the library holdings and all the archives, they were confiscated by the Gestapo in 1940 and taken to Germany. Their fate is unknown."2 Thus, even in 1996, it was not public knowledge that many of those materials were in the metropolises of Ukraine and Russia. Coincidentally, most of the archival materials from the Petliura Library that are now in Kyiv are actually located in the same archive that houses the records of the UNR Foreign Ministry, on which the first part of that same 1996 publication was based.
Among the documents published for the first time are political and diplomatic letters of Petliura drawn from the records of the UNR Foreign Ministry now held in Kyiv. They were probably among those which the Nazis had discovered in Tarnow and processed in Cracow during the war and which Soviet SMERSH counterintelligence agents had seized from Cracow in March 1945. This information was not known to the compilers of the publication, but serves to illustrate the extent of the odyssey of documents relating to the national statesman who was forced into exile. It also testifies to the lack of public disclosure about such documents held in Kyivan archives.
The letters of Petliura´s wife, Ol´ha, and his daughter, Lesia, came from family correspondence in Paris and Prague, but the precise archival designations are also not provided. In fact, these documents came from the papers of Oleksander Siropolko, a relative and close friend of the Petliura family in Prague, and Stepan Siropolko from Paris, which were recently transferred to Ukraine and presented to TsDAVO, the same Kyiv archive that houses the major collections from the Petliura Library and UNR records in Kyiv. Another published letter from Ol´ha Petliura to the librarian of the Petliura Libary in Paris, Ivan Rudychiv (1881-1958), dated 7 June 1941 (corresponding to the period he was in Berlin) is now also located in that same archive in Kyiv.3
In 1997, barely a year later, another collection of articles and conference presentations was published in Kyiv also to commemorate the seventieth anniversary of Petliura´s assassination, in the introduction of which the editors allude to the history of the Petliura Library in Paris:
The prewar holdings of that library were completely lost, taken away to Germany by the Fascist occupiers, although some suppose that now they might be found in KGB cellars in Moscow, or perhaps were earlier transferred to the Secret Section (spetskhran) of the Russian State Library.4
Such speculations, however, can now be put to rest. At last we know more about the odyssey and the fate of that library. It can be confirmed, for example, that many of its archival holdings have survived and are accessible to researchers in Moscow and Kyiv, if they know where and how to request them. However, they are also so widely dispersed that researchers would be at a loss to identify their provenance or original arrangement as collections from the Paris library. In the late 1980s some remains of the library books that were identified in Minsk were transferred to Ukraine, but the rest, unfortunately, remain diffused, some to be sure in the former Secret Section mentioned.
In the companion piece to this article, I described the fate of the Petliura Library during the war, after the Nazis had confiscated the holdings from the sealed library building in January 1941.5 Rudychiv, the librarian of the Petliura Library from the start, was sent by the Nazis to Berlin under the pretext of assisting with the reopening of its holdings transferred there, but he never saw the library again. While in Berlin, he left behind his diary from the period of the Nazi seizure and transport of the library, together with an account of the library, some of its treasured documents, certain of his own papers, and momentos of Petliura and his family. These materials have now surfaced in Kyiv. Under the auspices of the Special Command of Reichsleiter Alfred Rosenberg-the infamous ERR (Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg)-the Petliura Library was incorporated into the so-called Ostbücherei, the special "Eastern Library" relating to Bolshevik and other Eastern European matters, developed under the Rosenberg command for its anti-Bolshevik research center in Berlin. The same fate befell the much richer Turgenev Library, which had been confiscated in Paris at the same time as the Petliura Library.
Starting in the summer of 1943, major ERR research and library operations, including the Ostbücherei, were transferred from Berlin to the relatively isolated city of Ratibor (Pol. Racibórz), 80 kilometers southwest of Katowice on the Oder (Pol. Odra) River in Silesia. The extensive ERR Ratibor operations were scattered among many buildings within the city and its surroundings, which together housed over a million books and a vast array of archival materials looted from occupied countries of Western Europe and the Soviet Union. The elegant castle of the Prince of Pless in the town of the same name (Pol. Pszczyna), 60 kilometers to the east of Ratibor, housed the newspaper division and the special unit working on the captured Communist Party archive from Smolensk. Operations continued there until the end of 1944.
In the face of the fast approaching Red Army during January of 1945, some of the materials evacuated from Ratibor were abandoned en route back to Germany, while major library holdings and most of the Communist Party archives from Smolensk were abandoned in the railroad station near Pless. According to the last ERR report from Ratibor, many of the most important office records from Ratibor itself had already been evacuated by the end of January 1945. The remaining Ratibor office files were being prepared for destruction, but the ERR decided not to destroy the Ostbücherei, because they still had plans to return to resume its use, if the war situation changed, or at least to take the materials with them. Otherwise, they assumed (quite correctly, as it turned out) that the abandoned materials would be "captured by the Bolsheviks."6
Soviet Postwar Archival and Library Retrieval
Documentation on the postwar Soviet archival retrieval and "trophy" cultural seizure operations is still fragmentary and dispersed throughout a number of different groups of records. Those materials that might be anticipated among the records of military units and military intelligence (or counterintelligence such as SMERSH) are still not publicly available. Recently, however, it has been possible to examine some important files among other record groups that have been declassified, including some containing reports of the Trophy Brigade for Libraries, the Main Archival Administration under the NKVD (later, the MVD), and some collections of reports that were forwarded to Communist Party authorities. New facts are emerging about where, when, and why various Nazi-looted archival collections were seized by the Soviet authorities (and often with them the surviving records of Nazi wartime operations).
It was Soviet archival practice to separate the foreign "trophy" archives that the Nazis had captured from the Nazi agency records themselves. They also divided up collections by establishing separate "fonds" for each subgroup of files they could identify with a specific creating agency, thereby obscuring integral collections and the working order of documents in Nazi hands. When examined together, the documentation that survives in various Soviet archives-including both Soviet reports and Nazi records-as well as the "trophy" archives, provide new clues about their provenance and migration. In some cases, these amount to hard evidence of the Ukrainian collections the Nazis had taken from Paris and other West European centers; the materials Nazi authorities had succeeded in evacuating from Berlin to Silesia, and from Silesia to the West; and of the more extensive materials that were recovered and seized by Soviet authorities after the war.
Major portions of the archival materials confiscated by the Nazis from the Petliura Library in Paris fell into Soviet hands after the war together with the looted books. As noted earlier, it has not been possible to establish how many of these were actually held by the ERR in Ratibor or in other nearby Nazi centers in Silesia. It has also not been possible to determine where all of them were recovered by Soviet forces. Apparently, they were not all recovered at the same time, nor from the same place, which helps explain why the materials are now dispersed in several different archives and libraries. Many of them were found together with vast library collections from occupied Soviet lands that the Nazis had plundered, a large portion of which had been taken to the Ratibor area in Silesia.
In March 1945, at the railroad station of Pless (Pol. Pszczyna), the Red Army found "approximately 100,000 books in 580 crates ... predominantly from Riga, Reval [Tallinn], Pskov, and Vilnius" and "about 80,000 volumes of journals packed in 660 crates ... from the libraries of the Belarusian Academy of Sciences and the Lenin Library of the BSSR ..., the transport of all of which would require some ten to twelve railroad freight cars." These were portions of the materials that the ERR had collected for the Ostbücherei, but which the Nazis had abandoned. This shipment retrieved by the Red Army also included four railroad wagons of records from the Communist Party Archive of Smolensk Oblast-the ERR had succeeded in evacuating to the West only a small portion (about 500 files) of it.7 The Red Army shipped everything they found back to the USSR, but we do not know if there were any books of West European origin among this transport of materials.
Another large cache of ERR library collections, constituting over one million volumes (54 freight-car loads), was collected further north in the Katowice area and transferred to Minsk in the fall of 1945, but precise documentation about their recovery or contents is not yet available. This batch included many of the books from Belarusian libraries seized by the Nazis that had been shipped to Ratibor for the Ostbücherei, but also consisted of books from West European collections-the Turgenev and Petliura libraries, for example. Many of these were later transferred to various libraries in the Belarusian SSR, and many of the books were subsequently transferred to Moscow.8
According to a 1946 Soviet report, most of the holdings of the Turgenev Library was identified in Maslowice (170 kilometers north of Ratibor), together with thousands of books that had been looted from Belarusian libraries. Hence the shipment back to Minsk from there. Many books from the Turgenev Library9, however, were transferred to a Red Army officers´ club in Legnica, although some of the most valuable materials were taken directly to Moscow. The Petliura Library was not mentioned in available Soviet reports, hence we can only speculate as to how many of its books and Ukrainian archival materials were together with the Turgenev Library during its travels from Berlin to Ratibor, and from Maslowice (via Legnica) to Minsk and Moscow. We know that the books were in Ratibor, and that some of the books and many of the archival materials surfaced again in Moscow and Kyiv, as will be explained below.
Tragically, many books with Turgenev Library markings were destroyed in Minsk during Soviet-period "cleansing" campaigns, as confirmed by one librarian in the Belarusian capital who risked censure by trying to save some of the title pages with dedicatory autographs.10 Perhaps some books from the Petliura Library met a similar fate there. More volumes originating in the Turgenev Library-along with a few from collections at the International Institute of Social History (IISH) in Amsterdam, and others from West European collections-have recently been identified in Minsk.11
Approximately 240 books from the Petliura Library were found in Minsk in the late 1980s, and in 1989 were "returned" to Kyiv.12 Found in what is now the National Library of Belarus in Minsk (earlier the Lenin Library), 180 books of predominantly Ukrainian provenance and another 60 books with foreign imprints (mostly French and a few German) are now held in the Parliamentary Library of Ukraine, partly among the former special (secret) collections and partly in the "foreign" division.13 The Parliamentary Library reported the purchase of another 10 books bearing stamps of the Petliura Library at an auction in Kyiv in the early 1980s, and an additional volume came with a collection they received from Prague.14 More books bearing stamps of the Petliura Library have recently been found in the National Library in Minsk, but further details await verification.15
Several cartons of fragmentary UNR files were recovered by Polish specialists in October 1945 in Silesia west of Wroclaw, along with other manuscripts and rare books from the University and Ossolineum Libraries in Lviv, the Polish Library in Paris, and other Polish collections that were evacuated by the Nazis.16 The Ukrainian segment of that shipment, most of which was presumably evacuated earlier under Nazi auspices from Lviv to Cracow, has recently been described in a survey by Lviv archivist Halyna Svarnyk.17 The shipment had in part been gathered by the Nazis in Cracow, and there were no materials known to have been in Ratibor. It is now difficult to tell whether the assorted UNR military files were the same that had been earlier identified by Nazi reports in Lviv. Since that shipment also included books from several different Polish libraries, it is possible that some of the Ukrainian archival materials included could have come from other sources. The existence of a major segment from the Polish Library in Paris in that shipment suggests that those portions of that library came from Cracow rather than Ratibor.18 As far as can be determined, there were no materials from the Petliura Library in Paris with that shipment. The UNR materials that were found there are now held in the Biblioteka Narodowa in Warsaw. It is possible that some of the scattered military records had been brought to Lviv in 1925-1926 and housed with the Sheptyts´kyi archive. As evident from a wartime report, the Nazis knew about the files of the UNR General Staff and there were efforts to take them westward in their final evacuations from Lviv.19
Moscow: The Former "Special Archive"-TsGOAITsKhlDK (now part ofRGVA)
The former top-secret "Special Archive"-TsGOA (Tsentral´nyi gosudar-stvennyi osobyi arkhiv) in Moscow was founded in March 1946 specifically for processing, "utilizing," and preserving the large quantity of captured or "trophy" records of foreign provenance that had been seized by Soviet authorities during or after the war and brought back to Moscow. Its existence was first publicly revealed in a series of newspaper articles in February 1991 entitled, "Five Days in the Special Archive."20 Those stories mentioned only the Nazi records held there, but finally, in October 1991, the extent of holdings from other foreign countries (most of which had previously been captured by the Nazis) was revealed.21 Officially renamed and opened to public research in June 1992, the archive, until March 1999, bore the name of the Center for Preservation of Historico-Documentary Collections-TsKhlDK (Tsentr khraneniia istoriko-dokumentarnykh kollektsii). In March 1999 it was abolished as a separate federal archive, and all of the former TsGOA/TsKhlDK "trophy" holdings became part of the Russian State Military Archive-RGVA (Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi voennyi arkhiv).22 During the Soviet period, TsGOA functioned for the purpose of processing the materials brought back from the war for postwar "operational" purposes of Soviet security services and other high-level government agencies.
Most of the Ukrainian émigré émigré archival materials brought to the Soviet Union after the war went directly to Kyiv, and stayed there. But many that arrived in Moscow intermixed with other collections-as they had been in Nazi hands- remained in Moscow. The most extensive collection of materials from the Petliura Library of any archive in the former USSR is now among the holdings of the former Special Archive. Most of these materials arrived in Moscow via Minsk. Presumably, they were retrieved from the Ratibor area by Soviet forces as part of the library shipments from Silesia mentioned above. One batch of 55 file units of Petliura Library documentation-in Soviet parlance, "records of Ukrainian nationalists"-were transferred to the Special Archive in Moscow from the Central State Archive of the October Revolution of the Belarusian SSR (TsGAOR BSSR) in December 1954, but documentation is not available about the accession of the rest.23 The introductions to some of the inventories (opisi) prepared for those fonds in TsGOA also affirm that they were acquired from Minsk, and in many cases that same origin is also indicated in one of TsGOA´s working lists of fonds.24
A few of the Ukrainian émigré holdings may have been received with the RSHA foreign archival materials from Wolfelsdorf (Pol. Wilkanow) near Habelswerdt (Pol. Bystrzyca-Ktodzko). The Ukrainian officer serving as an archival scout in one of the Red Army trophy brigades who first reported the cache there had announced the existence of some Ukrainian émigré holdings. Some of those Ukrainian files and émigré publications apparently first went to Moscow, and others were later transferred to Moscow from Kyiv.
The collections of archival documentation from the Petliura Library now in Moscow are barely recognizable in terms of their original arrangement. Following Soviet archival arrangement regulations, these materials have been separated into a series of splinter fonds, based on Soviet conceptions of the creating agencies from which the documents originated. Many of these appear quite artificial, in some cases overlapping, and apparently some files have been intermixed from other sources. Typical of Soviet postwar archival processing, individual file units within fonds have not been grouped in rational categories, nor chronologically in terms of their creation dates. In Paris, by contrast, archival materials in the Petliura Library had never been broken down into separate fonds according to the creating agencies, nor had they been fully processed. Some were held as ongoing office records of the library or the journal Tryzub (Trident), the editorial offices of which were situated in the same building; others were kept as subject-oriented collections of documents. Because many of these materials had not been fully cataloged in Paris, and because not all of them bore library stamps or other markings, it is exceedingly difficult to identify their provenance.
It is now even more difficult to determine how many printed volumes from the Petliura Library are held among the former TsGOA holdings. According to Soviet archival rules, printed books would normally have been differentiated from other archival materials. However, in processing these and similar émigré materials, Soviet archivists often treated many of the press bulletins or newsletters of émigré organizations as archival, rather than printed library materials. Many of them were issued in a duplicated or mimeographed format, and often were not officially registered as publications. Today, most libraries abroad, as well as those in Eastern Europe, would treat them as individually unique library materials for cataloging purposes. Soviet archivists, however, frequently arranged them as file units within archival fonds and did not assign separate cataloging data under their title or issuing agency. Even more problematically, in assigning unit numbers to such serials within fonds, archivists did not respect serial grouping by keeping issues in chronological order or assigning contingent file unit numbers to issues of the same or successor serial. Sometimes in these record groups, a single issue of a serial constitutes a separate file unit, but often several issues have been grouped together as one. Accurate titles, issuing agencies, issue numbers, and dates frequently do not appear in the archival inventories (opisi), further complicating research access.
Many of the printed books and some serial issues from the Petliura Library that were received by TsGOA were separated from the "archival" materials. To the extent that they were not transferred to other libraries, they remain housed separately among the printed library collections in the TsGOA building. However, these were only partially cataloged for those in Cyrillic (Russian and Ukrainian) and for those in Latin alphabets. Today, because thousands of volumes remain virtually inaccessible in cardboard boxes, and others from many different sources mixed together on unmarked shelves, a thorough examination of the holdings has not been feasible. Because preliminary catalog slips provide no indications of provenance, source of accession, or book markings, we really have no idea of how many books with Petliura Library stamps might exist in library collections from the former TsGOA.
As was the case with other library materials received by the Special Archive, some other books or journals may have been transferred to various libraries. However, the specifics of such transfers are almost impossible to trace at this point, because Soviet archivists rarely recorded details about specific collections of books with distinguishing stamps or other markings they transferred elsewhere. A prefatory note in the inventory (opis´) for the main fond with records of the Petliura Library ominously informs the reader that in 1982 an unspecified number of "duplicate printed editions were destroyed," following evaluation by the "Expert Appraisal Commission." Similar notices appear in the opisi of two other related fonds.25 Although the Nazis have always been blamed for the destruction of the Petliura Library, it accordingly appears that Soviet archival authorities may also have played a role in that process. Not surprisingly, many books from the Petliura Library remained in Minsk, as was the case of many books from the Turgenev Library, especially those that had been turned over to libraries-as opposed to state archives- there.26
With these generalities understood, we can now distinguish several discreet fonds as presently organized in the archive that comprise materials known to have come from the Petliura Library in Paris. These include parts of the records of the Petliura Library itself, amalgamated in the same fond with scattered materials from its serial holdings and a few materials from its archival collections. Another fond has been assigned for the editorial records of the UNR journal Tryzub (Trident), which had its office in the library in Paris, and another for materials relating to the trial of Petliura´s assassin, Samuel (or Sholem) Schwarzbard (the pro-anarchist Jewish émigré from the Russian Empire, who first came to France in 1910 and died in South Africa in 1938), which were collected by those associated with the foundation of the library. There are three other adjacent fonds of Ukrainian émigré organizations in Paris and two for personal papers, all of which probably came from the Petliura Library, although some materials may be of other origins. The name assigned to the fond with miscellaneous materials from "Ukrainian Émigré Organizations in Czechoslovakia" probably represents incoming materials to the library. Finally, there is one fond identified as being of Parisian Ukrainian provenance, but which was among the French security records seized from a RSHA hideaway in Czechoslovakia.
None of the Ukrainian émigré fonds described below (except the artificial fond for Tymofii Kotenko) are unique to RGVA. In most cases the institutional origin of the documents and publications encompassed is not clear and in many cases the materials are intermixed. When publications are included with actual archival materials, they do not necessarily represent those issued by the agency named by the fond, and in most cases they appear to be those that had been received by the Petliura Library as part of its serial holdings. Noticeably, in every case the other archives in Moscow and Kyiv that received materials from the Petliura Library have established parallel fonds, containing other fragments of the same body of documentation and scattered issues of the same serial bulletins or other journals from the same émigré groups. Interestingly enough, the names of the fonds established are similar, but the breakdown of materials is equally jumbled. Obviously, these materials were all processed in haste with little regard for the creating agency or order in their originating office or collection.
A few letters from the Russian and Ukrainian writer Boris Aleksandrovich Lazarevskii [Borys Oleksanderovych Lazarevs´kyi] and those of his brother, Hlib (Rus. Gleb), ended up in Kyiv after the war and were requisitioned from there by TsGOA in 1956, together with other UNR documents and Ukrainian émigré publications from Paris and Warsaw. Then held in TsDAZhR URSR, they were among the documents transferred to Moscow in 1957.33 Their fate in Moscow has not been determined, but as yet they have not been located among Ukrainian holdings in the former TsGOA.
Trophy archival materials of a literary orientation, according to Soviet regulations in postwar decades, were transferred to the Central State Archive of Literature and Art-TsGALI, which in 1992 was renamed the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art-RGALI. RGALI maintains a fond for the personal papers of Boris Lazarevskii (1871-1937), who is there identified as a Russian writer. However, the Lazarevskii files held in RGALI date only through 1925, that is, before Lazarevskii´s emigration, and hence cannot be considered of foreign "trophy" origin.34 There is no indication that the materials forwarded to TsGOA from Kyiv, which were of West European provenance, were added to the Lazarevskii fond in RGALI.
The son of the prominent Ukrainian historian Oleksander Lazarevs´kyi, Lazarevskii had written for Vestnik Evropy, Russkoe bogatstvo, and other journals before 1917, but then emigrated and died in Paris. His brother Hlib (1877-19??) was active in the Ukrainian émigré movement as a journalist in Poland and France. He returned to Ukraine in 1940 and presumably remained in the USSR until his death, though his fate has not been determined.
According to émigré sources, Boris also occasionally wrote in the journal Ukra´ina, which appeared in the immediate postrevolutionary period under the Ukrainian form of his name (Borys Oleksandrovych Lazarevys´kyi). Once abroad, and especially in the years immediately before his death in Paris, he was associated with the UNR journal Tryzub, the editorial offices of which were housed in the Petliura Library. Some of his correspondence and a few other papers were reportedly housed with the Petliura Library in Paris before the war and were seized by the Nazis with the Tryzub editorial records. These may indeed be the materials that Soviet authorities brought to Kyiv after the war, but were then sent to Moscow in 1957.
Moscow: The State Archive of the Russian Federation-GA RF
A second large concentration of materials from the Petliura Library in Paris is now held on the other side of Moscow in a similar series of separate splintered fonds in the State Archive of the Russian Federation-GA RF (Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii). These fonds were all formerly held by the pre-1992 Central State Archive of the October Revolution- TsGAOR SSSR, as part of the formerly secret section designated for émigré materials from the Russian Foreign Historical Archive (Russkii zagranichnyi istoricheskii arkhiv) in Prague-RZIA.35 Although that division was established soon after the receipt of the nine freight-car loads of RZIA materials that arrived in Moscow just after New Year´s Day in 1946, its holdings actually are from a myriad of émigré sources in many different countries, as well as those from Prague. As far as can be determined, no materials from the Petliura Library were transferred to RZIA in Prague before 1940. Further confusion arises, however, because many of the RZIA materials arriving from Prague had never been thoroughly processed there. What is more, archivists working with the émigré materials in Moscow and Kyiv in the postwar period were principally oriented towards "operational" goals, and had no time to spare for determining provenance or migration data. Little did they understand the sources of the materials and little did they care.
After the foundation of the parallel Ukrainian Historical Cabinet (Ukrams´kyi istorychnyi kabinet-UIK) in Prague in 1929, Ukrainian or Ukrainian-related archival materials were principally deposited there. In October 1945 the entire contents of the Ukrainian Historical Cabinet in Prague were shipped to Kyiv "as a gift to the Ukrainian people." With it came some scattered UNR documentation that had been deposited in UIK. Almost all of the UIK and related holdings shipped from Prague in October 1945 have remained in Kyiv. One of the most notable exceptions were the files of the Party of Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionaries from Prague, which were requisitioned by Moscow in 1956.36 To further add to the confusion, many UNR materials came to Kyiv from other sources, including a large body of UNR records from Cracow that the Nazis had brought there from Tarnow. And, as will be explained further below, some materials from the Petliura Library that Soviet authorities retrieved elsewhere in Prague went to Kyiv, and there became intermixed with the UIK materials.37
Despite the general Soviet policy that Ukrainian émigré materials were to be concentrated in Kyiv, some UNR documentation came to Moscow from RZIA and has remained there. Prior to 1929, a number of important groups of Ukrainian materials, including fragmentary UNR diplomatic files, had been deposited in RZIA and were never transferred to UIK. Similarly, during the subsequent decade, a number of UNR files came to RZIA rather than UIK as part of larger collections received from Russian or Russian-Ukrainian émigré sources. The Ukrainian materials were never separated from RZIA in Prague and accordingly were shipped to Moscow. In the 1960s a number of splinter RZIA fonds with UNR military documentation were sent to Kyiv from Moscow. However, there is no explanation why the UNR diplomatic and other government files, most of which also came from RZIA, have remained in Moscow (See the fonds which I have numbered 7-11, listed on pp. 413-16).
Because the TsGAOR division for émigré fonds long bore the RZIA designation, many archivists there were not aware until very recently of the multi-faceted provenance of those holdings. This fact and the fact that the fonds of materials from the Petliura Library all bore RZIA designations for the fonds to which they were assigned in TsGAOR SSSR, have been the cause for considerable confusion and misconception about their true origin. Most of these Ukrainian émigré fonds are listed in the sixth volume of the GA RF guide, but not all of them with correct attributions of provenance.38
The process of preparing the 1999 inter-repository guide to the RZIA collections has led to a better understanding of this problem. Particularly since some of the GA RF archivists engaged in that research were consulting this author about the fonds to be covered for the present article, further clarification has been possible.39 Initially, most of the Ukrainian fonds described here were slated to be included in the RZIA guide, which embraces all of the materials that came to Moscow from RZIA in 1946, among them those that were later dispersed in over thirty other repositories throughout the former USSR. This author´s own research in cooperation with archivists in GA RF uncovered the fact that most of these Ukrainian materials had not come from Prague, but rather had been received from other sources. Spot checks of files in these current Paris fonds revealed stamps of the Petliura Library and other dedicatory inscriptions. At the same time, the inspection of UNR materials together with RZIA records yielded RZIA stamps, and hence that attribution of provenance must be respected. However, not all the questions about the provenance of these materials have been resolved.40
Those materials that can convincingly be identified as having come from the Petliura Library and related Ukrainian émigré organizations in Paris (which I have numbered nos. 1-6 below, pp. 410-13) were in fact received by the GA RF´s predecessor, TsGAOR SSSR, in November 1948 among the 170 crates of archival materials transferred from the Lenin Library in Moscow. The official transfer document from the Lenin Library does not mention the Petliura Library, but it does specify files of the Ukrainian National Committee and the Orthodox Church in Paris, records of the Turgenev Library, and materials of "Ukrainian émigré organizations in Paris, among others." The act of transfer notes that the materials were directed to the RZIA division in TsGAOR, having been received by the Lenin Library from Berlin in 1946-1947.41 It is safe to assume, for the most part, that the "materials of Ukrainian émigré organizations in Paris" transferred from the Lenin Library would have included those of the Petliura Library, since there were and still are no others of Parisian Ukrainian provenance in TsGAOR/GA RF.
There was also a transfer of two large fonds of Ukrainian émigré organizations received from the Lenin Library (GBL) in 1949, which are likewise held in GA RF and might initially have been thought to have originated in the Petliura Library. This was especially true of the records of the Ukrainian Press Bureau in Lausanne, since other Ukrainian press bureau records were in fact received by the Petliura Library on the eve of World War II. Earlier listed in TsGAOR with an attribution of provenance to RZIA, both of them (see the fonds numbered 12-13 listed on p. 416) had been received by the Lenin Library from Geneva, together with the papers of the bibliographer, writer, and bookman Nikolai Aleksandrovich Rybakin (1862-1946).42
As is apparent in the 1948 act of transfer, the Ukrainian materials involved were undoubtedly intermingled with those from the Turgenev Library that were found in Silesia in 1945-1946, quite possibly constituting part of the materials that the ERR was trying to evacuate from Ratibor. As mentioned above, the Turgenev Library materials were sorted by the Soviet Library Brigade in Silesia before dispatch to Moscow and Minsk. The Lenin Library transfer document noted that the administrative records of the Turgenev Library came to TsGAOR from the Lenin Library as part of that same 1948 transfer. The fragmentary Turgenev Library records received were assigned to a separate fond in the RZIA Division of TsGAOR, and for a long time archivists also assumed those materials were from Prague, although clearly they were taken by the Nazis in Paris at the same time they seized the Petliura Library.43 GA RF also has a separate fond with a "Collection of Letters from Russian Soldiers on the French Front Gathered by the Turgenev Library in Paris," which undoubtedly was received at the same time. In this case the fond designation is misleading, since the files involved are letters from soldiers regarding the loan of books from the Turgenev Library and are clearly part of the administrative records of the library.44 The fact of the seizure of its administrative records was confirmed in Paris, along with paintings and portraits that decorated the library. Fortunately, the Nazis apparently did not seize all of the "Russian Literary Archive," which had been established as an autonomous entity within the Turgenev Library at the beginning of 1938.45 But in the case of the smaller Petliura Library, nothing was left behind.
The fact of the transfer of archival materials from the Lenin Library-now the Russian State Library (RGB)-raises the strong possibility that some books from the Petliura Library may now be held there. We know from other sources that the Lenin Library kept many books that had come its way from the Turgenev Library in its classified Secret Section, although some were distributed to other divisions, and others were used for exchange with foreign libraries.46 Recently, some books bearing stamps of the Turgenev Library have been identified in Moscow in the library of the former Institute of Marxism-Leninism (IML pri TsK KPSS), which has been redesignated the State Socio-Political Library-GOPB (Gosudarstvennaia obshchestvenno-politicheskaia biblioteka). Other Turgenev Library books have been identified in the library of Voronezh State University.47 At the time of writing, however, no books bearing stamps from the Petliura Library have been discovered in any of those libraries, although a thorough search has not been undertaken.48 Vasyl´ Mykhal´chuk, in his 1999 historical memoir account of the Petliura Library, mentioned a fragmentary second-hand report of a box of books marked "Ukrainian Library-Paris" found in the basement of the former Lenin Library (now the Russian State Library) in the early 1990s.49 Colleagues in that library deny this possibility, since, according to their records, all trophy books it received were processed in the immediate postwar decade.
Given what we already know about the prewar archival holdings of the Petliura Library and the fragments of those archival materials held elsewhere in Moscow and Kyiv, we can now identify a number of separate fonds in GA RF that retain its materials. There are a number of related Ukrainian émigré fonds now organized in GA RF that were of Parisian provenance, but that had been merged with the materials from the Petliura Library while they were in Nazi hands. We also can designate several Ukrainian émigré fonds in GA RF with scattered files from UNR records, most of which undoubtedly came from RZIA in Prague, although questions remain about parts of some of the fonds:
Files in some of the Ukrainian émigré archival fonds from Paris described below possibly were added to those fonds from other sources. A number of files in some of the fonds may have been misarranged. Certain of those fonds have stray file units and stray documents of alternate provenance, including some that may well have been received with the Prague RZIA shipment. That shipment itself included materials from other émigré institutions in Czechoslovakia in addition to RZIA. Further research and verification are still necessary for a number of reasons: the effects of the multiple archival transfers in the postwar decades; the fact that all of the incoming miscellaneous collections were broken down into unduly specific fonds without regard to the archive where they were last held or the collection with which they were received; and because of the lack of precise provenance attributions. Nevertheless, the general outline of the situation is clear for a start. In the list below, the Russian name of the fond that follows the English translation is the form currently used in GA RF. The Ukrainian names have been added.
1. S. Petliura Ukrainian Library, Paris (Ukrainskaia biblioteka im. S. Petliury. ParizhlUkrams´ka biblioteka im. S. Petliury. Paryzh) (GA RF, fond R-7008; 1 opis´; 141 units; 1909,1914-1917,1919-1920,1922,1924-1939). There is no doubt about the Parisian provenance of the fond designated for the Petliura Library itself, which originally contained only 64 file units, but was later augmented by 77 more "from unsorted bundles of miscellaneous fragments." TsGAOR/GA RF archivists had earlier been attributing provenance to RZIA, but clearly that is not the case for most of the files.50 The vast majority of the files were in fact looted by the Nazis from the library in Paris, and most of the documentation had never been in Prague. Some of the documents even bear stamps of the Petliura Library, dedicatory inscriptions, or other indications of their Parisian source.
The Petliura Library fond in GA RF is not arranged in an orderly manner, and its contents are similar to the parallel fond in RGVA. Scattered throughout the fond are the following: folders with administrative records of the library, such as the library statutes in French and Ukrainian (no. Ill); incoming correspondence from all over the world (many of the letters had enclosed monetary contributions) relating to the opening of the library in 1929 (no. 32); an account register from 1927-1931 (no. 93); and an acquisition register of book receipts in 1929 (no. 87).
Of particular importance to the Petliura Library, and something not found in the parallel fond from TsGOA, are various volumes of the library´s own book catalogs, some typewritten but many in manuscript notebooks, covering different subjects: "Ukraine-History, Geography, Ethnography" (1908-1940), with an inserted loose notebook labeled "Duplicates" (no. 65); "Scientific Subjects" (1939-1940) (no. 66); "Religion and Philosophy" (no. 67); "Ukrainian Literature" (October 1940) (no. 68); "Music" (1911-1931) (no. 76); "Military Affairs" (no. 82); "Ukrainian journals" (1921-1938) (nos. 90-92); and so forth. There are also catalogs of the branch libraries in Vesines-Chalette (no. 85) and Audun-le-Tiche (no. 39), the one for the latter having an inserted list of books for the branch in Grenoble.
In addition to the library records, many files contain archival materials donated to the library collections. There are scattered manuscript materials, some of them with the original letters or inscriptions of donation to the Petliura Library, such as a large collection of articles, speeches, and notes about Petliura presented to the library during the 1930s (no. 11), and another with memoirs on the Civil War inscribed as a donation to the Petliura Museum in Paris (no. 12). A large part of the fond consists of printed (or hectographed) laws and regulations of the UNR or other Ukrainian organizations; hectographed or typewritten lectures on -various subjects; and press clippings regarding Ukrainian politics, the Schwarzbard trial, and memorial events at the library.
Among printed materials from the library are scattered issues of Ukrainian press bulletins, student journals, and newsletters of Ukrainian émigré organizations in different countries. Many of them bear the stamp of the Petliura Library and would have been classified among its book and serial collections rather than as archival materials. Hence they should be considered among the "missing" publications held by the library.
2. Editorial Records of the Ukrainian Journal Tryzub, Paris (Redaktsiia zhurnala Trizub [sic]. ParizhlRedaktsiia zhurnalu Tryzub, Paryzh) (GA RF, fond 7498 [earlier 3882s]; 93 units; 1918-1944). The opts´ of this fond also bears the designation "RZIA," although the provenance is now correctly identified as Paris.51 As we now know, the Tryzub records had never been acquired by RZIA and remained in the Petliura Library in Paris until they were seized by the Nazis. Complementing the other Tryzub records in RGVA, this fond contains fragmentary correspondence files (e.g., nos. 85, 91, and 92) and proofs of articles for the journal (e.g., nos. 88, 90), including a manuscript article by Volodymyr Leontovych (no. 93), which was added to the fond in 1973.
The bulk of the files, however, contain scattered issues of Ukrainian press bulletins and periodicals, undoubtedly from the main library´s periodical holdings. There are also press clippings from different newspapers, including, for example, several files of clippings and press surveys relating to Schwarzbard (nos. 5-8, 78). Many of these belong among the holdings of the Petliura Library itself, rather than to the editorial records of Tryzub.
3. Committee to Honor the Memory of Petliura, Paris (Komitet po chestvovaniiu pamiati S. V. Petliury, Parizhl Komitet dlia vshanuvannia pam´iati S. V. Petliury, Paryzh) (GA RF, fond R-7437; 5 units; 1926-1929).52 Some of these files that now form a separate fond most probably came from the records of the library itself, since the Committee in question was in fact organizing the library as a monument to Petliura during that period. GA RF archivists indicate that the materials were acquired by RZIA in 1926 and 1928, but further verification is needed because these acquisitions may comprise only the few posters in one file with RZIA stamps.53 None of the remaining documents bear RZIA stamps, and there is no indication that all of the other documents were acquired by RZIA, especially those addressed to Paris. There was a parallel committee operating in Czechoslovakia, and an extensive campaign was waged there to raise money for the library. Rudychiv, who was then still in Prague, was active in the Czechoslovak capital until he moved to Paris. The fact that this fond has intermixed documents from Paris and Prague makes it impossible to assign definitive provenance at this point.
In the collection are protocols of meetings in Paris involving the library founders, including General Oleksander Udovychenko and Oleksander Shul´hyn (no. 1). The correspondence (1926-1928) comprises incoming letters from Prague (no. 2), some of them containing money sent to Paris for the library (with receipts for donations from Tryzub). That file, however, also contains a few receipts and letters sent to the Czechoslovak committee in Prague and Podebrady, including a few addressed to Rudychiv in Prague. Only a few of the documents (most of them, small posters or billboard notices) in that large file bear RZIA stamps, as noted above. Contingent files contain more receipts from the Commission (nos. 3 and 5), along with communications from the Commission (no. 4) and a duplicated "Komunikat" of the S. Petliura Society.
4. Union of the Ukrainian Community in France, Paris (Ob"edinennaia ukrainskaia obshchina vo Frantsii. ParizhlOb´iednana ukrains´ka hromada u FrantsiL Paryzh) (GA RF, fond R-9107; 1 opis´; 14 units; 1924-1936). These files, which have been established as a separate fond, may have come from the materials of the library itself, although quite possibly the Nazis acquired them from other Ukrainian émigré sources in Paris. This is a good example of an artificial fond created from intermixed documents, and further analysis is required to verify their provenance.
The fond contains protocols of meetings, resolutions, and account registers. There are also some printed brochures and serial publications.
5. Society of Former Combatants of the UNR Army in France, Paris (Obshchestvo byvshikh voennosluzhashchikh armii Ukrainskoi Narodnoi Respubliki vo Frantsii. Parizh/Tovarystvo buvshykh voiakiv ??? Ukrains´koi Narodno´i Respubliky u Frantsii´. Paryzh) (GA RF, fond R-6406; 667 units; 1918-1940).54 This Society was established in Paris in 1923 and headed by General Udovychenko, one of the founders of the Petliura Library. We cannot be sure that all of the materials in this collection were held by the Petliura Library itself, but documentation from the Society was reported among the prewar library holdings. Similar to the counterpart fond in RGVA (no. 4), it would appear that the materials came from Paris and not Prague. Nor is there any indication that they would have been transferred to Prague, since the Society itself remained active in France until the Nazi invasion. Although GA RF archivists still attribute provenance to RZIA in Prague (on the grounds that the materials were received with RZIA no. 4412 in 1946), further analysis of the fond´s provenance is necessary. Further confusion arises owing to some labels suggesting that the fond was originally devoted to "Constituent Members of Russia in Paris." The opis´ lists 630 file units that were first verified in 1952 and another 37 that were added later.
The files contain, among other documentation, correspondence, correspondence journals, and protocols of meetings. There are also printed brochures and scattered serial publications.
6. Supreme Church Council of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church in France, Paris (Vysshii tserkovnyi sovet Ukrainskikh pravoslavnikh prikhodov vo Frantsii. Parizh/Vyshcha rada Ukra´ins´ko´i pravoslavnykh tserkov u Frantsi´f. Paryzh) (GA RF.fond R-9106; 1 opis´; 14 units; 1925-1936). These few files that now form a separate fond may have come from the Petliura Library itself, although the Nazis may have picked them up from other sources in Paris. The TsGAOR 1948 act of transfer mentions materials from the Orthodox Church in Paris, and it is quite possible that while the materials were in Nazi hands, Ukrainian Orthodox Church files were combined with Russian ones. No stamps have been found on the files examined that would indicate their provenance.
The files contain protocols of meetings (no. 1), correspondence, books of members (1930-1935) (no. 2), document registers (1926-1927-no. 8; and 1931-1938-nos. 9-11), and accounting records (1931-1932-nos. 12 and 13).
7. Chancellery of the UNR Rada [Poland] (Kantseliariia Soveta Ukrainskoi Narodnoi RespublikilKantseliariia Rady Ukrams´ko´i Narodno´i Respubliky) (GA RFJond R-7526; 1 opis´; 16 units; 1920-1930). This fragmentary fond appears to be of heterogeneous provenance. Documents in the first part of the opis´ (nos. 1-11, first prepared in 1954) bear no stamps, but some documents in one of the files among the later additions (nos. 12-16, added in September 1960) bear RZIA stamps. Hence, these files may have been acquired by RZIA with other UNR documents, but no confirmation has been found.55
The first file contains a fragmentary UNR law. Subsequent files contain drafts or copies of protocols of meetings of the UNR Rada in Poland (June-August 1921) (nos. 2-8), a report on the Rada´s legal work (February-June 1921) (no. 9), a report on financial work in Poland (January-April 1921) (no. 10), and a list of deputies to different commissions (1921) (no. 11). Among the files added later, no. 12 contains printed UNR handbills and declarations bearing RZIA stamps.56 Remaining files contain a copy of the treaty of peace between the UNR and Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey (n.d.); a regulation issued by the Rada (3 March 1921); a secret letter from the Volhynian and Podilian Committee (7 April 1921) to the UNR (no. 15); and a letter from the Head of the Rada to V. P. Lystovnych in Tarnow (31 December 1922).
8. UNR Ministry of Foreign Affairs [Tarnow, Poland] (Ministerstvo inostrannykh del Ukrainskoi Narodnoi RespublikilMinisterstvo zakordonnykh sprav Ukrainskoi Narodnoi Respubliky), 1918-[1921] (GA RF, fond R-6087; 1 opis´; 17 units; 1918-1923 ).57 A separate fond was established in TsGAOR SSSR for scattered files from the UNR Foreign Ministry, which in fact came to GA RF with the RZIA collections. The earlier erroneous TsGAOR/GA RF attribution of its provenance to Tărnovo, Bulgaria, has recently been corrected.58 The first batch of documents came to RZIA in 1924, a second installment arrived in 1926 from Sergei P. Postnikov, and others were received from S. Elachich in 1935. According to the TsGAOR opis´ (first copy) and administrative record of the fond (delo fonda), eleven units and three kilograms of fragmentary papers (rospysi) were destroyed in 1956 as being of "no scientific value." Six items were added to the fond in May 1960.
The initial file contains regulations issued by the UNR Directorate (1919- 1921) and a later one bears excerpts of regulations (no. 6). Intervening files have annual journals of meetings of the UNR Council of Ministers (nos. 2-5- 1918-1921). Several others appear to be consular files, mostly concerning relations with Poland and efforts of the International Red Cross to help Ukrainians in Poland (no. 9) and Germany (no. 11).
9. UNR Delegation to the Paris Peace Conference (Delegatsiia Ukrainskoi Narodnoi Respubliki na mirnoi konferentsii v ParizhelDelehatsiia Ukrains´ko´i Narodnoi´ Respubliky na myrnii konferentsii´ v Paryzhi), 1919-1920 (GA RF, fondR-7027; 1 opis´; 40 units; 1918-1921 j.59 A separate fond was established in TsGAOR for the UNR delegation to the Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920), which did not have official diplomatic recognition. It was headed by Count Mykhailo T. Tyshkevych. Files of the UNR Delegation in Paris would probably have originally been merged with files from the UNR Diplomatic Mission in Paris (no. 10), under which name the same delegation functioned. RZIA accession numbers suggest the overlap and confirm that these files also came from Prague.60 RZIA reports from the late 1920s and/or 1931 affirm the acquisition of 500 pages of documents of the Ukrainian delegation in Paris (1919-1922), but the fate of the remainder of the documents is not known. The two GA RF fonds hardly total that number.61 Two folders of these files were noted in a 1960 list of Ukrainian émigré fonds held in TsDIAK in Kyiv, but have not been located there.62
10. UNR Diplomatic Mission in Paris (Chrezvychainaia diplomaticheskaia missiia Ukrainskoi Narodnoi Respubliki [UNR] v ParizhelNadzvychaina dyplomatychna misiia UNR v Paryzhi), 1920-192??RF, fond R-6275; 1 opis´; 27 units; 1917-1921, 1926, 1928).63 A separate fond was formed in TsGAOR for the UNR Diplomatic Mission in Paris, which, like the UNR delegation to the Paris Peace Conference, lacked official diplomatic recognition. In point of fact, however, these files were undoubtedly originally consolidated with files from the UNR delegation to the Paris Peace Conference (no. 9), because their dates overlapped and the same individuals were involved. The delegation was first headed by Count Tyshkevych; in 1921 Oleksander Shul´hyn was named ambassador.
GA RF now correctly attributes this fond as having been received from RZIA, as all of the files with publications examined bear RZIA stamps with RZIA acquisition numbers added. Judging by the numbers involved, the documents came to RZIA intermixed with those assigned to the separate fond 7027 (no. 9).64 Initially, 22 items were assigned to the fond in 1951 and 6 more were added later.
Some confusion has arisen because other records of the UNR Diplomatic Mission in Paris were acquired by the Petliura Library in 1939. Most of them (6,809 documents) remain in the Petliura Library in Paris having escaped confiscation by the Nazis.65
The collection comprises several official documents about the establishment of the Mission, other communications sent from the UNR Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the Mission in Paris (nos. 5 and 24), and memoranda on the question of accepting Ukraine into the League of Nations. A 1920 printed brochure requests Ukrainian admission to the League of Nations (no. 11). There is also a copy of a letter from Petliura to Tyshkevych about preparations for a new Ukrainian offensive against the Bolsheviks (December 1920), and documentation concerning assistance to Ukrainian émigrés in France. There are several printed bulletins and brochures.
11. Embassy of the Ukrainian National Republic in Germany, Berlin (Posol´stvo Ukrainskoi Narodnoi Respubliki v Germanii/Posol´stvo Ukrai´ns´ko´i Narodnoi´ Respubliky v Nimechchyni) (GA RF, fond R-5889; 1 opis´; 36 units; 1918-1926).66 Some of the fragmentary files that were grouped together in TsGAOR SSSR as what is now a fond designated for the UNR Embassy in Berlin bear a RZIA Prague inventory number.67 The files were acquired by RZIA in the late 1920s or early 1931, and an additional part was obtained in 1934.68 The first 28 units that initially comprised the TsGAOR fond were acquired by RZIA as part of a collection that included documentation from the UNR delegation in France, UNR missions in England, Turkey, Italy, Vienna, and other countries; and a large packet from the UNR Ministry of Finance (1919-1920).69 These other materials may have been among the UNR papers that were transferred from the TsGAOR SSSR to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1947.70
Many of the files in the present fond in GA RF are of relatively minor interest, being reports of the mission´s press bureau, rather than actual diplomatic correspondence. This corroborates the German assessment during World War II that the UNR documentation in Prague was fragmentary and not essential for removal. The same decision apparently was made by Soviet authorities. Although the UNR Berlin Embassy files were on the list of RZIA documentation to have been transferred to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR at the end of 1946, they do not appear on the official acts of transfer. All the initial 28 files that then comprised the fond remained in TsGAOR in 1948.7171
Of more interest in the present GA RF fond 5889 are some folders that were added later (as per an endorsement on the opis´), including a letter by Volo-dymyr Vynnychenko and another from 1919 regarding UNR funds in the Berlin Reichsbank. Most notable among these later additions is the personal correspondence of Petliura and the UNR ambassador in Berlin, Viktor Porsh. That latter folder (no. 34) includes a letter of presentation to RZIA (1934) and a note about the Petliura letter that was sold to RZIA.72
12. Ukrainian Press Bureau, Lausanne (Ukrainskoe press-biuro v Lozannel Ukrains´ke press-biuro v Lozanni) (GA RF,fond R-7050; 2 opisi; 2,011 units; 1902-1944). Earlier listed in TsGAOR with an attribution of provenance to RZIA, this group of materials was in fact received from the Lenin Library in 1949 from Geneva, together with the papers of the bibliographer, writer, and bookman Nikolai Aleksandrovich Rybakin. Other records of the Ukrainian Press Bureau had been acquired by the Petliura Library before the war, but it is not clear if any of these might be interspersed in the present fond.
13. Editorial records of the journal Ukrai´na, Lausanne (Redaktsiia zhurnala Ukraina/Redaktsiia zhurnalu Ukraina) (GA RF, fond R-7063; 257 units; 1911-1924). Acquired from the Lenin Library in 1949 with the preceding fond from Geneva.
Materials from the Petliura Library and Other UNR Records in Kyiv
Even before the nine wagon loads of RZIA materials had arrived in Moscow in early January 1946, a railroad freight car of collections from the Ukrainian Historical Cabinet was transferred directly from Prague to Kyiv in October 1945. Coming "as a gift of the Czechoslovak government to the Ukrainian people," along with the Czechoslovak opisi and copies of the relevant administrative archive of UIK in Prague, it also included extensive archival materials from other Ukrainian émigré institutions in Prague, only part of which had been formally accessioned to UIK.73 According to the official top-secret Archival Administration report to Nikita Khrushchev in Kyiv and Lavrentii Beria in Moscow, "the so-called Ukrainian Archive, formed on the basis of the Ukrainian University in Podebrady (Czechoslovakia)," comprised documentary materials of the ministries of the Ukrainian "bourgeois-nationalist ´governments´ of Skoropads´kyi, the Central Rada, Petliura, and others. The archive also holds a large quantity of personal fonds of known individuals in the Ukrainian national movement."74 That description was inaccurate, since UIK was in fact formed under the auspices of the Czechoslovak Foreign Ministry in Prague, not the University in Podebrady, although some collections from Ukrainian institutions in Podebrady had been accessioned.75
Immediately after the war, all of the many émigré materials brought to Kyiv from various points abroad, and most notably from Prague, were initially placed in the Special Division of Secret Fonds-OOSF (Osobyi otdel sekretnykh fondov) of the Central State Historical Archive in Kyiv-TsDIA URSR (later TsDIAK). According to Moscow instructions, that section was organized as one of the main centers for "operational" analysis in the search of wartime collaborators and "anti-Soviet" émigrés. The émigré materials were broken down into over 300 often fragmentary fonds according to the archivists´ determination of their alleged creating agencies, which, in fact, frequently obscures their true provenance.76 By 1948, the section had prepared reports on 19,298 predominantly "Ukrainian bourgeois-nationalist émigrés," and sent the MGB detailed reports on several organizations of Ukrainian nationalists abroad.77
Some UNR files, together with related records from the period of struggle for Ukrainian independence during 1917-1921, went to the Central State Archive of the October Revolution of the Ukrainian SSR (TsDAZhR URSR), which was still located in Kharkiv. Before World War II, that archive had brought together all possible records from the UNR period remaining in the USSR, as well as a few émigré and military records. In the 1960s parts of the TsDIAK émigré holdings were transferred to TsDAZhR. After construction of the new building for the Ukrainian Central State Archives in Kyiv in 1972, all of the émigré holdings were consolidated in what became the Special Division of Secret Fonds of TsDAZhR. These postwar developments and transfers, together with the pressure for immediate "operational" analysis, explain the further fragmentation of the materials today and complicate assigning provenance to many files and determining the history of individual fonds.
Unfortunately, no comprehensive list of fonds covering the former Secret Division is currently available to researchers. It is accordingly very difficult, if not impossible, for researchers to identify all of the UNR records and related fonds now held in the successor to the TsDAZhR-now known as the Central State Archive of Highest Organs of State Power and Administration of Ukraine, TsDAVO Ukra´iny (Tsentral´nyi derzhavnyi arkhiv vyshchykh orhaniv derzhavno´i vlady ? upravlinnia Ukrai´ny). A brief survey of records in TsDAVO from the UNR period appeared in 1996, but the archivist who wrote that first overview of the holdings does not mention the Parisian collection.78 While noting that there are now some 400 fonds from the period of the UNR, she only mentions a few of those specifically relating to Petliura and the UNR itself.
It has not yet been possible to establish where Soviet authorities found the fragmentary archival materials from the Petliura Library in Paris that are now in Kyiv, and details about their source of acquisition by the archive have not surfaced. Recently, lists of postwar holdings of the Special Division of TsDIAK have been found confirming acquisition in January 1946 of several groups of émigré papers from Paris that are now held in TsDAVO in Kyiv.7979 But details of where they came from or of the Soviet agency that held them before transfer to the archive are lacking.80 A letter to the chief of the Ukrainian Archival Administration, Panteleimon P. Gudzenko, dated 4 June 1947, mentions "half a carload of documents ... which arrived from Germany in a wagon amidst library books and among which are some documents from Paris in French."81 But those are most likely later additions, and not necessarily Ukrainian émigré ones, because later lists of fonds in the Special Secret Division of TsDIAK show no new Ukrainian émigré fonds from Paris that did not appear on earlier lists.
The existence of the Parisian materials in Kyiv has hitherto not been widely known because there is no publicly available list of holdings in the formerly Secret Division of TsDAZhR URSR. Some preliminary descriptive words about these materials therefore are in order here, although a more professional survey and comprehensive list of fonds is still among the high priority archival reference needs in Kyiv. Given the extent and complexity of the UNR holdings from Prague that are now in Kyiv, as well as the UNR holdings that were already held in Kyiv and Kharkiv before World War II, no attempt will be made here to survey them.
It could have been suspected that the materials from Paris in Kyiv would have come with the records of the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg (ERR), which were received in Kyiv in TsDIA from Dresden in December of 1945. We already know that the Petliura Library was in Ratibor, and that the ERR succeeded in evacuating some of their records as the Red Army was approaching (January 1945). However, there is no mention of the fonds from Paris in any of the appraisals of the ERR materials after their receipt in Kyiv.82 Possibly, they were among those not evacuated, but that were retrieved by Soviet authorities in Silesia in the spring of 1946 and first shipped to Minsk. Some of the Parisian materials in Kyiv mesh exactly with the additional files from the same Paris sources that are now held in Moscow, and which we now know were received in 1955 from Minsk. However, no transfer documents from Minsk to Kyiv involving these materials have been found.83 Some of the Ukrainian émigré materials from Paris conceivably came via these two channels, but, given the chaotic situation in the Kyiv archive in 1945 and 1946, the details of such transfers apparently were never recorded.
Another more likely explanation for the acquisition of at least some of the materials from the Petliura Library in TsDAVO has recently emerged with the availability of a report by Rudychiv, the aforementioned long-time librarian of the Petliura Library, who was present when the Nazis confiscated the library and its archival holdings in Paris in January 1941. Rudychiv, it will be recalled, was subsequently summoned to Berlin in May 1941, purportedly to work with the library. Although he stayed in Berlin until the fall of 1942, he never did see the library before he was permitted to return to Paris. Following his return, Rudychiv prepared a report for the Petliura Library Council in France in December 1942.84
According to that report, Rudychiv gave the memoir account he had written in Berlin about the Nazi seizure of the library, "lak tse bulo," to his old friend levhen Vyrovyi (or Jevhen Vyrovyj) from Prague, whom he met in Berlin. Indeed, that autographed memoir account ("lak tse bulo") is now among the Petliura Library documents in Kyiv. Rudychiv also mentions having given Vyrovyi some other documentation relating to the library for the Museum of the Struggle for the Liberation of Ukraine in Prague before he left Berlin.85 If Vyrovyi succeeded in taking Rudychiv´s papers and the other documentation that Rudychiv had saved from the Petliura Library to Prague, then these materials probably came to Kyiv with the holdings that Soviet authorities seized from Prague after the war.86 Significant amounts of documents held by the interwar Museum of the Straggle for the Liberation of Ukraine (sometimes translated as the Museum of Ukraine´s Struggle for Independence) in Prague were seized by Soviet authorities and transferred to Kyiv. However, those transfers took place only in 1958 and 1962.87 Furthermore, although some of the materials went to TsDIAK at that time, many of those later Soviet seizures from Prague went directly to the KGB or MVD in Kyiv rather than to the state archives.
It is unlikely that Vyrovyi would have transferred that documentation to the Museum in Prague during the war. Vyrovyi, just as NKVD agents were coming to arrest him, committed suicide in Prague in May 1945. If Rudychiv´s papers and other documents remained with Vyrovyi himself, then perhaps they were confiscated at that time or soon afterwards, which would explain their accession in the Kyiv archive in January 1946.88
In addition to the Rudychiv papers now in TsDAVO, there are several other fragmentary fonds comprising additional materials that presumably came from the Petliura Library in Paris. Paralleling materials from the same sources in Moscow, it is not immediately apparent from their dates and contents that these materials would have been with Rudychiv in Berlin. However, all of them, as noted in the immediate postwar lists of fonds in the Special Division of TsDIAK where they were originally housed, were apparently received at the same time as the Rudychiv papers.
There quite possibly are other similarly fragmentary fonds in TsDAVO today that have been assigned for materials originating from the Petliura Library or related Ukrainian organizations in Paris, including fonds of personal papers. And perhaps, too, files from the Petliura Library were dispersed among other fonds. Because no comprehensive list offends covering the former Secret Division is currently available to researchers, it is impossible to identify other materials from Paris assigned to separate fonds that might now in fact be held in TsDAVO. However, all those that were identified in the 1947-1949 lists of holdings in the Special Secret Division of TsDIAK are now accounted for in TsDAVO, and are described in the list below.
Still other fragmentary materials from the Petliura Library and other files from the UNR are today held across the city of Kyiv by the former Communist Party Archive, now the Central State Archive of Public Organizations- TsDAHO. In 1988, a considerable group of archival materials that had been held by the KGB and/or MVD in Kyiv was transferred by the MVD to the former Communist Party Archive. This group comprises most of the materials from the Museum of the Struggle for the Liberation of Ukraine that were seized in 1958 and 1962 in Prague, and then separated from the other materials that went to TsDIA or TsDAZhR. They also include other Ukrainian émigré materials collected by secret service agents from disparate sources in Prague and other cities, along with some fragmentary materials brought to Kyiv earlier that had been turned over to the MVD/KGB at various times for specific investigations. They came to the former Party Archive in unsorted packages; by the spring of 2000 they had not been fully processed.89 A folder of letters that Rudychiv received in Berlin and other documentation about the Petliura Library can be found among these materials.
The Ukrainian émigré archival holdings from Paris now in Kyiv are exceedingly fragmentary, and in almost all cases they represent files contingent to those already described among the former TsGOA/TsKhlDK holdings in RGVA and those in GA RF in Moscow. Their distribution into multiple fragmentary fonds is also similar to the arrangement of the contingent records in Moscow, although with a few notable exceptions. Their division between two different archives in Kyiv is unfortunate, but given the problems in Kyivan archives today, it is unlikely that the separation can be corrected.
Much more politically significant than the fragmentary files from the Petliura Library and Ukrainian émigré organizations in Paris were the records of the UNR government itself that the Soviet authorities also transferred to Kyiv after the war. As was described earlier, during the war Nazi archival authorities from the Reichsarchiv had overseen the processing of a major body of records of the UNR Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Finance. Discovered in Tarnow, these materials had been brought to Cracow where German inventories were prepared between 1942 and 1944.90
Soviet SMERSH agents removed these records from the State Archive in Cracow in March 1945.91 Confirmation of the Soviet removal of these UNR materials has been found in Soviet sources in the recently declassified files of the Soviet archival administrations in both Moscow and Kyiv. On 12 March 1945 the head of the Lviv Oblast Archival Administration informed NKVD archival authorities in Kyiv that a SMERSH unit of the Fourth Ukrainian Front in Cracow "was in the possession of Petliura documents in the Ukrainian language from the years 1918-1922."92 So important was this "find" to Soviet authorities that the news was forwarded to Moscow ten days later with the request for orders to transfer the materials to Kyiv.93
According to a later report, "a freight-train wagon load of documentary materials of the former Petliura Directorate and its ministries, under the jurisdiction of counterintelligence ´SMERSH´ of the Fourth Ukrainian Front transported from Vienna," arrived in Lviv at the end of May 1945. However, the fact that the shipment also included "six freight-train wagons of documentary materials removed by the German-Fascist occupiers from the Lviv Archive of Early Acts," which had been recovered near Cracow, and other such references, confirms that the shipment included the Cracow Petliura materials and makes it unlikely that the shipment came from Vienna (although the Cracow wagons could have been added to a train originating in Vienna). Valentyn Riasnyi, the Ukrainian Commissar of Internal Affairs, ordered the transfer of the Petliura materials to the Archive of the October Revolution (TsDAZhR) in Kyiv.94 Gudzenko, the Ukrainian Archival Administration Chief, subsequently confirmed that the six wagons had returned from Cracow to Lviv, and that "documentary materials of the Ukrainian counterrevolutionary government from the 1917-1927 period consisting of eighteen fonds (6,234 units)... found by SMERSH in Cracow" were transferred to TsDAZhR in Kyiv.95
No further reports have been detected on what specific materials (if any) may have been transported from Vienna in that same shipment. Some files relating to the Petliura government were brought to Kyiv from Vienna at the end of the war, along with some other émigré Ukrainian fonds of Viennese provenance. A few are listed among the postwar holdings in TsDIAK, although details about their recovery, transfer, and date of acquisition are not available.96
From Polish and Nazi sources we already know that among the materials SMERSH removed from Cracow were the most important extant records of the UNR Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Finance, for which German summary inventories are available. In TsDAVO today, there is a fond for the UNR Foreign Ministry and several other splinter fonds into which the materials may have been divided. However, details of their migration from Cracow have been suppressed, and a history or administrative record of the main Foreign Ministry fond is not available. It is impossible to reconstruct the "eighteen fonds (6,234 units)" initially projected, nor is it possible to confirm that all the materials in question remain in TsDAVO.
Approximately 30 letters and telegrams from the UNR Foreign Ministry records in Kyiv (fond 3696, opys 2) were published in the aforementioned 1996 volume of documents honoring the 70th anniversary of Petliura´s assassination.97 The compiler did not, however, present any more details he might have gleaned about the files themselves or their provenance. Most probably these documents all came to Kyiv with the Tarnow materials, but further analysis is needed to arrive at a more definitive conclusion.
As yet, the most significant collection of printed materials from the Petliura Library identified in Kyiv are the 240 books "returned" to Kyiv from Minsk in the late 1980s that are now held in the Parliamentary Library. It has recently been confirmed that some books from the Petliura Library were among one of the shipments of "trophy" books to Kyiv which arrived from Leningrad in 1946-1947. They were deposited in the State Historical Library in Kyiv, together with others with stamps of the Turgenev Library. A librarian working there in the early 1980s recently related that she encountered some books (in English and French) with those stamps in the foreign-language department, where she worked in 1983, when the library was ordered to remove books that were so identified. She lost her job when she wrote a letter to the Ukrainian Communist Party Central Committee in an effort to preserve the books from destruction. The few books that the library may have managed to preserve from the "cleansing operations" were shorn of their library stamps, which today would make their identification impossible. Other books may have been destroyed in earlier "cleansing" operations, much like those from the Turgenev Library which met a similar fate in Minsk.98
Some books from the Petliura Library are quite possibly held in the Central Library under the State Committee on Archives (DKAU) in Kyiv, which would have been transferred there in the process of arranging the various fonds containing materials from the Petliura Library now stored in TsDAVO.99 Inadequate data in acquisition registers, along with the lack of provenance data on library cards, would make it a labor-intensive task to check for Petliura Library books in that library, and we cannot rule out the possibility that Petliura Library stamps or book markings would have been expunged.
In June 1947, the head of the Ukrainian Archival Administration received an unspecified number of "published brochures of the League of Ukrainians in France" (1939) from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR in Moscow. According to the accompanying memorandum, these "could be good reference tools for identifying fellow-countrymen by operational organs and your Division of Utilization."100 We do not know the disposition of these materials after their arrival in Kyiv.
Similar to the fonds from the Petliura Library deposited in Moscow, many scattered issues of émigré journals and press information bulletins have been incorporated as file units in several of the Ukrainian émigré fonds in TsDAVO, which otherwise would have been part of the original library holdings. Appropriate cataloging data or records of serial holdings are not currently available. According to archival regulations, books that might have come to the archives with archival materials in Kyiv should have been either deposited in the archival library (as was the case of many of the receipts from Prague) or transferred to other libraries. Transfers to other libraries were less likely in many cases, because restricted émigré materials were involved. Because of minimal library transfer and acquisition records-and because current catalogs do not indicate previous library markings on books-it would be a difficult task to try to find them.
Ominously, "brochures and information bulletins of Ukrainian émigré organizations in France" are specifically mentioned in connection with a shipment of 6,661 printed books requisitioned from Kyiv (TsDIAK) to Moscow (TsGOA) in 1956. The TsDIAK copy of the 1956 act of transfer is preserved, but a copy of the list that was to have been attached has not been found in the Kyiv file.101 No incoming copy has surfaced in Moscow. Given the current lack of cataloging in the former TsGOA library in Moscow, it has not been possible to determine what books were involved, and no record of the incoming shipment has been found. Hence it is not possible to determine how many Petliura Library books might have been part of that shipment.102
In the former Communist Party Archive (now TsDAHO), where cataloging efforts are underway for the Ukrainian émigré documents from Prague transferred to that archive from MVD sources, a collection of Ukrainian émigré publications has been identified. But again, these are being designated as part of an archival fond. Item-level cataloging has not been undertaken, and there has as yet been no possibility of examining the volumes for book stamps, ex libris, or other markings.
Kyiv: ???ibrary and Seized UNR Records in TsDAVO
Given what we already know about the prewar archival holdings of the Petliura Library and the fragments of those archival materials held in Moscow, we can now identify a number of separate fonds in TsDAVO that retain materials from the Petliura Library (nos. 1-4). And there are a number of related Ukrainian émigré fonds of provenance in Paris (nos. 5-8). In some cases, they may have been intermixed with the materials from the Petliura Library while they were in Nazi hands, or after their arrival in Kyiv. Certain files in some of those fonds appear to be misarranged. Several fonds have stray file units, or even stray documents of alternate provenance, including some that may well have been received with the Prague UIK shipment.
Unlike the situation in GA RF, but like RGVA in Moscow, there are no current lists of fonds in the archive available to researchers in TsDAVO. Hence we can only rely on recently declassified typescript lists from the immediate postwar period, which in most cases do not even reflect current TsDAVO fond numbers. Because of the multiple archival transfers in the postwar decades- and because of the lack of precise provenance attributions and the fact that all of the incoming miscellaneous collections were broken down into fragmentary fonds without regard to the archive where they were last held or the collection with which they were received-further research and verification are still needed. Nevertheless, a preliminary outline of the fonds in question can be presented.
It is virtually impossible at this point to identify even the principal fonds that contain documentation from the UNR Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Finance that were shipped to Kyiv from Cracow in 1945. Given the potential importance of these materials and the lack of previous attribution of their provenance, some conjectures are appropriate. A separate analysis is needed to identify other UNR documentation in TsDAVO.
1. Symon Petliura Ukrainian Library in Paris (Ukrams´ka biblioteka im. Symona Petliury v Paryzhi) (TsDAVO, fond R-4362; 31 units; 1929-1941). The fragmentary 31 files in TsDAVO that have been assigned to this fond are not the same type of administrative records of the Petliura Library as those found in either of the two Moscow archives described above (RGVA, no. 1 and GA RF, no. 1). Undoubtedly, these documents are what remained of the personal papers that Rudychiv had with him in Berlin in 1941 and 1942. According to Rudychiv´s report of 1942, materials relating to the library were handed over to "his friend from Prague for the Museum of the Struggle for the Liberation of Ukraine."103 Although some of these documents may have come from the library in Paris, Rudychiv undoubtedly had brought them with him to Berlin. Others he received or prepared there. Thus, it is most likely that the 31 files forming fond R-4363 all went from Berlin to Prague (via Vyrovyi) and thence went to Kyiv from Prague. A few other Rudychiv papers have recently surfaced in TsDAHO amidst the documentation received from MVD sources, but none were cited in earlier descriptions of the archival materials that had been held by the Museum of the Struggle for the Liberation of Ukraine. That would be understandable if they only reached Prague in 1942, and it is unlikely that Vyrovyi would have immediately turned them over to the Museum. Closer examination of the files in this fond supports this hypothesis.
Of particular interest among these files are the following: two different versions of a handwritten history and description of the library Rudychiv prepared in Berlin (nos. 4 and 5), presumably by order of his Nazi "hosts"; a typewritten version (in several copies) of "lak tse bulo"-Rudychiv´s account of the Nazi arrival and confiscation of the library in Paris (1940-1941) and his subsequent transfer to Berlin in June 1941, which he prepared at Nazi request in July 1941 (no. 3); and his brief handwritten diary entries, spanning the period of fall 1940-1941 (no. 29). There are fragments of Rudychiv´s personal correspondence with Ukrainian émigrés and émigré organizations, mostly from the period he was in Berlin. There are also some clippings and notes from the Ukrainian press, which Rudychiv prepared in Berlin (1941-1942), possibly at Nazi request.
A packet of letters, clippings, photographs, and notes of sympathy pertaining to the death in 1941 of Petliura´s daughter, Lesia (no. 24), were undoubtedly collected by Rudychiv after the Nazis closed the library. One file (no. 31) contains many of Rudychiv´s personal identification documents-a student lecture card from his period at Kamianets-Podilskyi State University in 1918 and registration cards in various cities following his emigration-Berlin, Vienna, and Prague.
The only substantial records of the library are 9 files containing annual reports and clippings about the library, mostly from Tryzub (nos. 6-14; 1929-1940). There is also a file with draft budgets for the library (no. 17; 1930-1940), a list of books and periodical publications presented to the library in 1940 (no. 18), a register of negative and positive photographs held by the library (no. 26), and statistics on subscribers (no. 27; 1929-1940). One file contains various announcements and clippings about Petliura´s funeral (no. 19), another concerns memorial celebrations honoring Petliura in subsequent years, and still one more holds illustrated printed booklets describing the library and museum (no. 2; 1936-1940), which were probably prepared by Rudychiv.
2. Editorial Records of the Ukrainian Journal Tryzub, Paris, (Redaktsiia zhurnalu Tryzub v Paryzhi) (TsDAVO, fond R-3537; 6 units; 1933-1934). There are only 6 files in Kyiv from the editorial correspondence for the journal published at the Petliura Library, and then only some fragments from a few years. The more extensive files remain in Moscow. The 6 files comprise correspondence (1933-1934), lists of subscribers (1933-1934), and a copy of an article. There is also a printed bulletin of the Ukrainian Press Bureau in Paris (no. 4).
Of particular interest is a file added later that contains correspondence of Boris Lazarevskii (1930-1936; 50 fols.), which dates from the period he was working with the journal, but which does not necessarily belong to Tryzub records. Earlier, there had been more correspondence of Lazarevskii held in TsDIAK and TsDAZhR, but transfer documents were found, whereby correspondence between Lazarevskii and his brother Hlib and others in Poland was requisitioned from TsGAOR UkrSSR and sent to the former Special (Osobyi) Archive (TsGOA SSSR) in Moscow in March 1957.104
3. Commission for the Conduct of the Trial on the Case of the Assassination of S. Petliura, Head of the Directorate and the Head Otaman of the Army of the UNR (Komisiia dlia vedennia sudovoho protsesu v spravi vbyvstva Holovy Dyrektorii ? Holovnoho otamana viis´k UNR S. Petliury) (1926-1928). These files come from the commission established in connection with the trial of Schwarzbard after his assassination of Petliura in Paris and, according to available accounts, were most probably held by the Petliura Library before the Nazi invasion. The Commission included the same people involved in establishing the library, and its documentation remained in the library.
This fond includes appraisals of Petliura´s conduct during the Jewish pogroms in Ukraine 1917-1919 with a number of press clippings (including a series of articles from the journal Ukrai´na in 1919 and Tryzub articles about the trial-no. 23). It also contains descriptions of the preparation of witnesses and inquiries for the trial in Paris (nos. 1, 2), published acts and articles about the judicial inquiry, copies of letters to and about Petliura that were presented at the trial (nos. 3-8, 13), and additional materials about the Jewish pogroms in Ukraine (nos. 9-11, 14).
4. Pavlo Ivanovych Chyzhevs´kyi (TsDAVO, fond R-3534; 23 units; 1919-1926). This fond has fragmentary personal papers of Pavlo Ivanovych Chyzhevs´kyi (1860-1926), the Minister of Finance in the Central Rada, who subsequently served as an official representative of the Ukrainian Trade Mission in France, Italy, Belgium, and Switzerland. Chyzhevs´kyi´s papers were held by the Petliura Library before the war as affirmed in several sources.105 Another few files of his papers are held in Moscow (RGVA, no. 7).
The files comprise the following: biographical documents (no. 1); business papers (nos. 7-13), including those relating to the League of Nations, 1919-1925 (no. 8); correspondence (1919-1927) (nos. 14-22); published articles (nos. 2, 3); a manuscript for a geographic journal (no. 5); and proofs of an article on Ukraine and France (in French) (no. 23). One file contains printed (or duplicated) Ukrainian Press Bureau reports (no. 4).
5. Society of Former Combatants of the UNR Army in France, Paris (Uprava tov-va buvshykh voiakiv ??? UNR u Frantsn. Paryzh) (TsDAVO,fond 4176; 1 unit; 1933-1936). The fond parallels similarly entitled fonds in RGVA and GA RF. Only a single folder is now held in this separate fond, although a 1949 TsDIAK list indicated that at the time it had comprised 18 units (1930-1939). The fate of the additional units has not been determined.
The 10-page folder has documents relating to assistance for Ukrainian émigrés in France (1933-1936).
6. Directorate of the [Ukrainian] Emigration Council in Paris (Holovna emihratsiina rada v Paryzhi) (TsDAVO,fond 3534 [earlier 247]; Opys 1-10 units; 1924-1935; Opys 2-6 units; 1926-1936). The first opys was prepared in 1949 with 8 units; 2 more were added in 1951. A second opys was prepared in TsDIAK in 1961 with 6 additional units. None of the predominantly printed or duplicated publications bear stamps or markings.
The first file contains mimeographic and proof copies of the protocols of the Council´s First Conferences in Prague (published in Paris, 1929) (duplicate copies are in no. 9 and opys 2, no. 6) and the statute of the Council. It also has mimeographed copies of the Protocols of the Third Conference (1934) (nos. 3 and 10; and opys 2, no. 3). Other files contain letters (no. 4), newspaper clippings (no. 7), a printed brochure and a bulletin of the Ukrainian telegraph agency (1930-1935) (no. 6), and two articles in French on Ukraine (nos. 7 and 8). The second opys contains more duplicated communications of the Council from Paris (1934-1935) (no. 1), protocols of meetings (1926) (no. 2) and (1936) (no. 4), and other émigré bulletins.
7. Ukrainian Community in France (Paris) (Ukrai´ns´ka hromada u Frantsn) (TsDAVO, fond 3901; 12 units; 1928-1938). This fond contains fragmentary files and publications of the Paris Hromada with indications of several different addresses in the French capital. One issue of the Society´s Vistnyk (1931) (file no. 4) bears the stamp of the Association (with the address: 22, rue Barrault, Paris 13è). There are no other stamps or markings to suggest the materials had been acquired by the Petliura Library. A few related materials regarding this organization were sent from TsDIAK to the Special Archive in Moscow (TsGOA SSSR) in 1957: namely, a brochure about its first conference and an information bulletin of Ukrainian émigré organizations in France.106
Fragmentary files of this Ukrainian émigré organization include information for the membership (no. 1), protocols of meetings of the directors (1930- no. 2; and 1934-1935-nos. 7, 8), and correspondence (no. 3). There are copies of the organization´s publication, Vistnyk (1931-1937) (nos. 4-6, 9, 10), and Biuleten´ (1937, nos. 1-3) (file no. 12).
8. Ukrainian Society for the League of Nations in Paris (Ukrams´ke tovarysfvo prykhyl´nykiv Lihy Natsii v Paryzhi) (TsDAVOJond R-3535; 5 units; 1923-1940). This fond was originally arranged in TsDAZhR in March 1951 with 4 units; a fifth was added later. The Society was founded in 1921 in Prague, under the presidency of Professor Andrii Yakovliv. Also active in Prague was Professor Oleksander Shul´hyn (Alexandre Choulguine), who was simultaneously the president of the Supreme Council of Ukrainian Émigrés. The social seat of the Society was in Paris, its secretary being M. B. Boiko (2, rue Denfort-Rochereau, Paris 5e). There were branches in Poland, Belgium, and Romania.
The contents of the fond are highly miscellaneous with a number of different printed or duplicated bulletins and other documents from various émigré organizations. One of the duplicated bulletins of the Society (in no. 2) bears a red stamp of the Ukrainian Historical Cabinet in Prague, but no other markings have been found.
File units of the fond contain copies of correspondence (1929-1930) (no. 1), with some letters addressed to the President of the Society in Prague. There are two copies of the Society´s bulletin and a separate appeal of the League of Nations (no. 2). The third file consists of bulletins of the Press Bureau of the UNR Diplomatic Mission to Romania (1923)-one issued by the Society itself in Paris, a resolution of the Commission on Minorities, and a report on the financial situation of the Society, among other miscellaneous documents. A fourth folder contains a typescript essay on the international situation (1940), an annual report of the Society (1931), and copies of the Society´s bulletin (1923-1936).
9. Petliura, Symon Vasyl´ovych (TsDAVOJond 3809; 2 opysy; 17 units; 1907-1923: opys 1, 6 units [1907-1919]; opys 2, 11 units [1920-1923]. TsDAVO also has a small separate fond with personal papers of Petliura himself, all of them dating to the period before Petliura´s arrival in Paris. These files were apparently acquired before World War II from sources other than Paris, and there is no indication that any of these files came from Paris with the other Petliura materials described above. Most of the files in the first opys, which predate Petliura´s exile, apparently came to Kyiv from TsDAZhR in Kharkiv, having been acquired early on from sources within Ukraine.
The provenance of the files now grouped in a second opys (established in 1954) has not been determined, and they pertain to the years that Petliura was based in Poland. The documents in the second opys may have come to Kyiv with the UNR Tarnow materials (see below), or with the materials from the Ukrainian Historical Cabinet (UIK), or with other collections in Prague that had been earlier held by security services. Recently, some additional files have apparently been added to the second opys, with a few extending into 1924. It is conceivable that these came from the materials turned over to the archive from private sources in Prague, but provenance data is not presently available.
A few Petliura letters from this fond were published in a 1997 collection commemorating the seventieth anniversary of Petliura´s assassination. The editor could not furnish exact archival citations, because, as he explained, the materials were still being processed. He was unable to glean provenance data, but suggested the materials may have come from the MVD and may have been among those seized from the collections of the Museum of the Struggle for the Liberation of Ukraine in Prague.107
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Ukrainian National Republic (Ministerstvo zakordonnykh sprav UNR) (TsDAVO,fond no. 3696; 3 opysy; 189, 703, and51 units). Archivists in TsDAVO have been unable to furnish details of the provenance and history of this fond. It is impossible at present to determine the provenance of its various parts because of the inadequate nature of inventories of the UNR records in TsDAVO, the unsystematic arrangement of files, and the lack of data about the history of the fond. Furthermore, it is virtually impossible to coordinate the opysy of this fond with the German-language inventory of the UNR Foreign Ministry records that the Nazis prepared in Cracow, or to determine if all the materials seized from the Cracow inventory are now held in Kyiv.108 In contrast to the careful arrangement imposed in Cracow, which appeared to follow the office of origin for the records involved, the Kyiv arrangement is much more random.
The Foreign Ministry files in the first opys obviously came to the archive earlier from other sources. The first opys (189 units) itself had initially been prepared in January and August 1943, apparently when those parts of TsDAZhR had been evacuated to the east by Soviet authorities.
From cursory examination, it would appear that the second opys (703 [earlier 694] units) and the third opys (51 [earlier 46] units; 1918-1924), both arranged in the early 1950s with later additions, do contain some files of probable Tarnów provenance, but not the quantity nor the content indicated in the German Cracow inventory.109 Nor has it been possible to identify the "eighteen fonds (6,234 units) from the 1917-1927 period" in the full "freight-train wagon," that was specified in the Soviet shipping reports for the Cracow shipment. Given the dates of the documents involved, many of the files described in the German inventory from Cracow could not be identified in that group of records in Kyiv. Those may well have been among the other splinter fonds into which the Cracow files were divided in Kyiv, but a study to confirm this remains to be done.
As determined by postwar archival reports, apparently the materials received from Cracow were first accessioned by the Historical Archive TsDIA URSR (later TsDIAK), which was then housed in Kyiv rather than TsDAZhR (which was then operating in Kharkiv). TsDIA reported in 1948 that the Special Division of Secret Fonds had finished processing the UNR Foreign Ministry fond that year. Their top-secret list of fonds in 1949 indicates a UNR Foreign Ministry fond covering the years 1918-1923 with 858 file units. The fond number (346s) corresponds to the old fond number indicated on the present opysy, but the number of file units and dates on the present opysy does not correspond to that information. Today there are two other fonds containing documentation from the UNR Foreign Ministry, but both of those predate the UNR regime in exile.110
Part of the problem comes from the fact that after their arrival in Kyiv, the Cracow UNR records were broken down into many different fragmentary fonds. This may explain the earlier reference to materials from Cracow "comprising eighteen fonds." Postwar TsDIA URSR lists of fonds from 1947 and 1948 also contain contingent fonds for UNR diplomatic missions in several different countries, which suggests that those fonds were broken out separately. According to the German inventory, the records involved were incoming or copies of outgoing records from Tarnów relating to UNR missions in the different countries.111 For example, a separate fond was established in Kyiv for the Ukrainian Press Bureau in Berlin (probably material extracted from the UNR Foreign Ministry records transferred from Cracow), while in the German inventory an entire separate section is devoted to the Press Division of the UNR Foreign Ministry.112 Other examples of the additional splinter fonds created from the Cracow shipment need further investigation. The fact that the archival arrangement of the records was completely revised in TsDIA explains the lack of concordance with the German inventory.
At some point during the 1950s, fond numbers were changed, and some of the fonds themselves were reorganized. At least some of the fonds, including UNR Foreign Ministry records, were transferred to TsDAZhR URSR in October 1954.113 A 1962 list of émigré fonds in TsDIAK, however, still mentions one fond of the UNR Foreign Ministry (fond no. 3696; 17 units). Some of the additional fonds for UNR diplomatic missions in other countries were still housed in TsDIAK.114 The materials were all consolidated in TsDAZhR URSR when it was moved from Kharkiv to Kyiv in 1972.
Only since approximately 1990 have researchers had open access to the UNR Foreign Ministry records in Kyiv (fond 3696), but there still is no analysis or published survey of the fond and its varied provenance. As noted above, approximately 30 letters and telegrams from the second opys of the fond, including some original Petliura letters, were published in part of the 1996 volume of documents honoring the seventieth anniversary of Petliura´s assassination, but with no details of their provenance.115 Most probably these documents all came to Kyiv with the Tarnow materials, but it cannot be said for certain.116
It has already been noted that another 17 file units of the UNR Foreign Ministry (1918-1923) are today held in GA RF in Moscow, which also probably came from Tarnow via RZIA in Prague.117 No information has as yet been found about the possible transfer of sensitive UNR Foreign Ministry files from Kyiv to Moscow. Had they been transferred, they most probably would have gone to the Archive of the Foreign Ministry, rather than to TsGAOR SSSR. Also noted above, some fragmentary files in GA RF were assigned to a separate fond of the UNR Mission in Berlin, but those files all clearly came from RZIA.
Ministry of Finance of the Ukrainian National Republic (Minister stv ?inansiv UNR) (TsDAVO,fond no. 1509; 6 opysy; 357, 39, 83,16,1,004, and 16 units; 1918-1925). Some records of the UNR Ministry of Finance were reportedly also received in Kyiv with the UNR Foreign Ministry records from Cracow. A brief German handwritten summary of an inventory for those records, presumably from Cracow, was found in Moscow among the scattered records of the Reichsarchiv (Potsdam).118 However, it has also not yet been possible to verify the fate of the 58 packets from the Ministry of Finance that were included in that Nazi inventory, or to even determine how many of them are now held in TsDAVO. Similar types of problems and questions apply to the Foreign Ministry records. For example, in the 1961 list of fonds of Ukrainian émigré organizations in TsDIAK, only 8 files are listed in a fond for the UNR Ministry of Finance in Tarnow (fond 1509), 4 files for agents of the Ministry of Finance in Berlin, and 1 file in a separate fond for the State Bank of Ukraine in Tarnow.119 A corresponding list of fonds in TsDAZhR in that period has not been located, so it is not possible to determine if other related files had been assigned to that archive. Further study of the history and provenance of this fond is obviously needed.
Kyiv: Petliura Library and Related Ukrainian émigré Materials in TsDAHO
Considerable progress has been made in the last few years to process the Ukrainian émigré documentation that was acquired by the former Party Archive in Kyiv from MVD (and KGB) sources in 1988. As of the fall of 1999, when a relatively final draft of the new guide for TsDAHO was completed, a 30-page section was devoted to the 1,644 file units now grouped in fond no. 269, under the fond name of the Ukrainian Museum in Prague (Ukrams´kyi muzei v Prazi, to which the Museum of the Struggle for the Liberation of Ukraine was renamed after November 1945). It is a misnomer to group all of the documentation in this collection under the name of the Ukrainian Museum, because clearly the materials come from a number of different Ukrainian émigré sources in Prague, Berlin, Paris, and other places. The collection had been haphazardly gathered at different times by the MVD (and undoubtedly also the KGB) in Kyiv. Certainly, many of the materials had never been formally acquired by the Ukrainian Museum in Prague.
It would be a safer and more professional archival desi